Reconstruction Era:
Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction: Initially, President Lincoln pursued a lenient approach towards the defeated Confederate states, aiming for a swift reconciliation. However, after Lincoln's assassination in 1865, his successor, Andrew Johnson, implemented a more lenient approach that allowed former Confederates to regain power. This approach clashed with the radical Republicans in Congress who sought to ensure civil rights for freed slaves.
Civil Rights Amendments: During Reconstruction, three amendments to the Constitution were ratified. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery, the 14th Amendment granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all individuals born or naturalized in the United States, and the 15th Amendment prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws: Despite these advancements, Reconstruction was marred by the rise of discriminatory laws known as Black Codes and, later, Jim Crow laws, which enforced racial segregation and denied African Americans their rights.
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